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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dirac-Identität</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Dirac-Identität</b> (benannt nach <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>) ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57320f63374f9001c6fad13d52145c556ba4ca54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:31.1ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Darin bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}">
<semantics>
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<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10d6ec962de5797ba4f161c40e66dca74ae95cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}" loading="lazy"></span> den <a href="Hauptwertintegral" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauptwertintegral">Cauchy-Hauptwert</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta (x)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4457507451c205a7e6adda92d919ee4c4a369cea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.188ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Delta-Distribution" title="Delta-Distribution">Dirac-Delta-Distribution</a>. Sie ist zu verstehen als eine Integraloperatoridentität, d. h. obwohl man sie wie oben notiert, gilt genau genommen nur
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}\mathrm {d} x&={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\phi (x)\mathrm {d} x\\&={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \phi (x_{0})\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}\mathrm {d} x&={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\phi (x)\mathrm {d} x\\&={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \phi (x_{0})\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/992ae496fd1cd2e4214c226fbb88a5a8f83a628f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.338ex; width:67.034ex; height:17.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}\mathrm {d} x&={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\phi (x)\mathrm {d} x\\&={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \phi (x_{0})\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für eine geeignete Testfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/546b660b2f3cfb5f34be7b3ed8371d54f5c74227.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.524ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (x)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Sie lässt sich im Rahmen der <a href="Distribution_(Mathematik)" title="Distribution (Mathematik)">Distributionentheorie</a> beweisen. Sie ist ein Spezialfall des Sokhotski–Plemelj-Theorems und findet z. B. in der Physik Anwendung.
</p><p>Allgemeiner lässt sich sogar zeigen, dass gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{(x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta )^{n}}}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x^{n}}}{\bigg )}\mp {\frac {\mathrm {i} \pi (-1)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\delta ^{(n-1)}(x),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{(x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta )^{n}}}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x^{n}}}{\bigg )}\mp {\frac {\mathrm {i} \pi (-1)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\delta ^{(n-1)}(x),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/750bdb7be580de5ed9e434fb3c096b21d0ff0546.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:49.531ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{(x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta )^{n}}}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x^{n}}}{\bigg )}\mp {\frac {\mathrm {i} \pi (-1)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\delta ^{(n-1)}(x),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>worin <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta ^{(n-1)}(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta ^{(n-1)}(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6831f38d8b3203971b63c0517746371b3e54fdc7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.791ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta ^{(n-1)}(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-te <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">Ableitung</a> der Dirac-Delta-Distribution bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herleitung">Herleitung</h2></div>
<p>In der Distributionentheorie führt man Distributionen über Funktionale ein, z. B. für die Dirac-Delta-Distribution
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\delta }[\rho ]:=\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=\rho (x_{0}),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\delta }[\rho ]:=\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=\rho (x_{0}),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f91f7f3184f81882cf4c302737488ac50a188599.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:37.48ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\delta }[\rho ]:=\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=\rho (x_{0}),}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>d. h. die Distribution wird nur im Integral mit einer geeigneten <a href="Testfunktion" title="Testfunktion">Testfunktion</a>, die nur auf einem endlichen Bereich von Null verschieden sein soll und beliebig oft differenzierbar, definiert. Dass dabei gerade der Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (x_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (x_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a659961dfcd8f8396e8e7a54df693efdefcb744.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.395ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (x_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span> entsteht, ist Teil der Definition. Damit wird mit jeder singulären Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Funktional <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{f}[\rho ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{f}[\rho ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e42009e7d5391f3ce8e8c8bec0f132b4e4cbfb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.127ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{f}[\rho ]}" loading="lazy"></span> identifiziert, das mit jeder passenden Testfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Zahl identifiziert.
</p><p>Mit <a href="Partielle_Integration" title="Partielle Integration">partieller Integration</a> und der Tatsache, dass die Testfunktion nur auf einem endlichen Bereich ungleich Null ist (<i>bounded support</i>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (\pm \infty )=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (\pm \infty )=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e429b956a3b3926e33131b6e9d6320f971e02e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.404ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (\pm \infty )=0}" loading="lazy"></span>), erhält man
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f'(x)\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x)\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f'(x)\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x)\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0373bae3b9e19e5fd990516a09f1b8fa017c938.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; margin-left: -0.447ex; width:36.424ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f'(x)\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x)\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>und damit beispielsweise auch für die <a href="Heaviside-Funktion" title="Heaviside-Funktion">Heaviside-Stufenfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta '(x)=\delta (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta '(x)=\delta (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be52f62928987f908dfa206be643b748600bb0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.2ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta '(x)=\delta (x)}" loading="lazy"></span>, sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta '(-x)=-\delta (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta '(-x)=-\delta (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3a27c1bb7164f858a44695d6d26d07ed73a8147.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.817ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta '(-x)=-\delta (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> (diese Identität wird in der Festkörperphysik oft angewandt, da die Fermi-Funktion als Funktion der Energie bei Temperatur Null gerade eine Stufenfunktion ist). Man beachte, dass wegen der nur im Integral gültigen Definition das Verhalten der Heaviside-Distribution bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/953917eaf52f2e1baad54c8c9e3d6f9bb3710cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=0}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht notwendigerweise spezifiziert werden muss.
</p><p>Bisher haben wir nur eine kurze Einführung in Distributionen gegeben. Für die Dirac-Identität betrachtet man das Funktional <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln(x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln(x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f234f49614032114d1d363b944f87fc62304480.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.755ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln(x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+})}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei hier wieder der Grenzfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\ln(x+\mathrm {i} \eta )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\ln(x+\mathrm {i} \eta )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5432c8d1d0156bf7c2b26177e2a6e061e830c808.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:14.616ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\ln(x+\mathrm {i} \eta )}" loading="lazy"></span> gemeint ist.
</p><p>Einerseits ist die Ableitung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f'(x)={\frac {1}{x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f'(x)={\frac {1}{x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9964aac0afad2c3b538e7c9eb8828ea954a67fac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.569ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f'(x)={\frac {1}{x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Mit dem Verzweigungsschnitt<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> des <a href="Logarithmus" title="Logarithmus">natürlichen Logarithmus</a> entlang der negativen reellen Achse ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73bdbce3583fa923b0dc624804ae67828f4aa84e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.285ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x<0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x<0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a4dbbf970b2d2863dcab589eafe006f08e727d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x<0}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ccce2c0dae95c08ac21c599cd92c7480b7d46a17.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.466ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80d24be5f0eb4a9173da6038badc8659546021d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x>0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Daher folgt andererseits für die Ableitung:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}{\bigg (}\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi \theta (-x){\bigg )}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|-\mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}{\bigg (}\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi \theta (-x){\bigg )}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|-\mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01bba8360e00428adfa155e4efa608f8743e70ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:43.974ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}{\bigg (}\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi \theta (-x){\bigg )}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|-\mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Ableitung des Logarithmus muss wieder im Integral betrachtet werden, wobei wie oben der <i>bounded support</i> ausgenutzt wird (hier in der ersten Zeile und beim Schritt von der dritten in die vierte Zeile):
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\mathrm {d} \ln |x|}{\mathrm {d} x}}\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x&=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{|x|>\varepsilon }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}{\bigg [}\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{-\infty }^{-\varepsilon }+\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{\varepsilon }^{\infty }-\int \limits _{|x|>\varepsilon }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x{\bigg ]}\\&={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<munder>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mtr>
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<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
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</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\mathrm {d} \ln |x|}{\mathrm {d} x}}\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x&=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{|x|>\varepsilon }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}{\bigg [}\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{-\infty }^{-\varepsilon }+\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{\varepsilon }^{\infty }-\int \limits _{|x|>\varepsilon }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x{\bigg ]}\\&={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b50a557deba643093c5d623252d39d1babf97eec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -16.671ex; margin-left: -0.083ex; width:73.561ex; height:34.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\mathrm {d} \ln |x|}{\mathrm {d} x}}\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x&=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{|x|>\varepsilon }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}{\bigg [}\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{-\infty }^{-\varepsilon }+\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{\varepsilon }^{\infty }-\int \limits _{|x|>\varepsilon }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x{\bigg ]}\\&={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Dabei wurde im letzten Schritt ausgenutzt, dass die Testfunktion „gutmütig“ ist, d. h., dass die vorderen Terme in der dritten Zeile (Randterme der partiellen Integration) verschwinden und dass das Integral über den ganzen Zahlenbereich außer über den Bereich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ]-\varepsilon ,\varepsilon [}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ]-\varepsilon ,\varepsilon [}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e2f89311032eaaa029f62f583e6ac0bd4bb83b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.303ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ]-\varepsilon ,\varepsilon [}" loading="lazy"></span> um die <a href="Polstelle" title="Polstelle">Polstelle</a> des Integranden gerade das Hauptwertintegral ist.
</p><p>Damit gilt im Sinne der Distributionentheorie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed441ec28adff9acb37a063c2992118a004ab12f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.184ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}}" loading="lazy"></span> und es folgt die Dirac-Identität aus Vergleich der beiden Berechnungen der Ableitung. Der Fall mit dem anderen Vorzeichen wird analog behandelt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<p>Mit der Dirac-Identität lassen sich beispielsweise die <a href="Kramers-Kronig-Beziehungen" title="Kramers-Kronig-Beziehungen">Kramers-Kronig-Relationen</a> für <a href="Lineare_Antwortfunktion" title="Lineare Antwortfunktion">Antwortfunktionen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi (\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi (\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8eaafe487da26a1b95abc0db0fe578216cc31395.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.71ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi (\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> elegant beweisen, da diese in der oberen komplexen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>-Halbebene <a href="Analytische_Funktion" title="Analytische Funktion">analytisch</a> sind. Statt einen Halbkreis in der oberen komplexen Halbebene zu schließen und den Bereich um die Polstelle auf der reellen Achse auszuschließen (so beispielsweise zu finden im Buch von <a href="Charles_Kittel" title="Charles Kittel">Charles Kittel</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), schließt man nun einen Halbkreis in der oberen komplexen Halbebene und verschiebt den Pfad entlang der reellen Achse um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} 0^{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} 0^{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/433fc21ed3b40a5ab4f0a03bf3e7e0416b9f67b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.32ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} 0^{+}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach oben oder unten und wendet die Dirac-Identität an. Zusätzlich verwendet man bei beiden Ansätzen die Tatsache, dass ein geschlossenes Kurvenintegral in der komplexen Ebene nur durch die Polstellen im Inneren des Integrationspfades bestimmt ist (<a href="Residuensatz" title="Residuensatz">Residuensatz</a>).
</p><p>Eine weitere Anwendung ist die Berechnung von Real- und Imaginärteil der <a href="Dielektrizit%C3%A4tszahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielektrizitätszahl">Dielektrizitätsfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon ({\vec {q}},\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon ({\vec {q}},\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/152e0a77a7ee86dca7b0fa5fbc5003f3f46cd1b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.542ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon ({\vec {q}},\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> in der Theorie der Abschirmung elektrischer Ladungen nach Lindhard, da in dem Ausdruck für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }" loading="lazy"></span>, den man in dieser Theorie, die auf 1. Ordnung <a href="St%C3%B6rungstheorie_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Störungstheorie (Quantenmechanik)">Störungstheorie</a> aufgebaut ist, findet, gerade eine solche Struktur im Nenner auftaucht, wie sie die Dirac-Identität voraussetzt<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Die Auftrennung in Real- und Imaginärteil ist hier u. a. deswegen wichtig, da man mit dem Imaginärteil der Dielektrizitätsfunktion üblicherweise die Dämpfung der Ausbreitung von Wellen im beschriebenen Medium verbindet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Laurent Schwartz, <i>Théorie des Distributions</i></li>
<li>Gel'fand, Shilov, <i>Generalized Functions</i>, Vol. 1–5</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BranchCut.html"><i>Branch Cut</i></a> Wolfram Research, abgerufen am 19. September 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kittel, Charles, Jochen Matthias Gress, and Anne Lessard. <i>Einführung in die Festkörperphysik</i>. Vol. 14. München: Oldenbourg, 1969.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuliani, Gabriele, and Giovanni Vignale. <i>Quantum theory of the electron liquid</i>. Cambridge university press, 2005.</span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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