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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dirac-Identität</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Dirac-Identität</b> (benannt nach <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>) ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57320f63374f9001c6fad13d52145c556ba4ca54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:31.1ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Darin bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10d6ec962de5797ba4f161c40e66dca74ae95cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}" loading="lazy"></span> den <a href="Hauptwertintegral" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauptwertintegral">Cauchy-Hauptwert</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta (x)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta (x)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4457507451c205a7e6adda92d919ee4c4a369cea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.188ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Delta-Distribution" title="Delta-Distribution">Dirac-Delta-Distribution</a>. Sie ist zu verstehen als eine Integraloperatoridentität, d.&nbsp;h. obwohl man sie wie oben notiert, gilt genau genommen nur
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}\mathrm {d} x&amp;={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\phi (x)\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \phi (x_{0})\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}\mathrm {d} x&amp;={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\phi (x)\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \phi (x_{0})\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/992ae496fd1cd2e4214c226fbb88a5a8f83a628f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.338ex; width:67.034ex; height:17.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}\pm \mathrm {i} \eta }}\mathrm {d} x&amp;={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\phi (x)\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\phi (x)}{x-x_{0}}}\mathrm {d} x\mp \mathrm {i} \pi \phi (x_{0})\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für eine geeignete Testfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (x)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/546b660b2f3cfb5f34be7b3ed8371d54f5c74227.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.524ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (x)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Sie lässt sich im Rahmen der <a href="Distribution_(Mathematik)" title="Distribution (Mathematik)">Distributionentheorie</a> beweisen. Sie ist ein Spezialfall des Sokhotski–Plemelj-Theorems und findet z.&nbsp;B. in der Physik Anwendung.
</p><p>Allgemeiner lässt sich sogar zeigen, dass gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{(x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta )^{n}}}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x^{n}}}{\bigg )}\mp {\frac {\mathrm {i} \pi (-1)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\delta ^{(n-1)}(x),}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{(x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta )^{n}}}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x^{n}}}{\bigg )}\mp {\frac {\mathrm {i} \pi (-1)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\delta ^{(n-1)}(x),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/750bdb7be580de5ed9e434fb3c096b21d0ff0546.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:49.531ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{(x\pm \mathrm {i} \eta )^{n}}}={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x^{n}}}{\bigg )}\mp {\frac {\mathrm {i} \pi (-1)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\delta ^{(n-1)}(x),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>worin <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta ^{(n-1)}(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta ^{(n-1)}(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6831f38d8b3203971b63c0517746371b3e54fdc7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.791ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta ^{(n-1)}(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-te <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">Ableitung</a> der Dirac-Delta-Distribution bezeichnet.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herleitung">Herleitung</h2></div>
<p>In der Distributionentheorie führt man Distributionen über Funktionale ein, z.&nbsp;B. für die Dirac-Delta-Distribution
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\delta }[\rho ]:=\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=\rho (x_{0}),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\delta }[\rho ]:=\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=\rho (x_{0}),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f91f7f3184f81882cf4c302737488ac50a188599.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:37.48ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\delta }[\rho ]:=\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x-x_{0})\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=\rho (x_{0}),}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>d.&nbsp;h. die Distribution wird nur im Integral mit einer geeigneten <a href="Testfunktion" title="Testfunktion">Testfunktion</a>, die nur auf einem endlichen Bereich von Null verschieden sein soll und beliebig oft differenzierbar, definiert. Dass dabei gerade der Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (x_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (x_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a659961dfcd8f8396e8e7a54df693efdefcb744.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.395ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (x_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span> entsteht, ist Teil der Definition. Damit wird mit jeder singulären Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Funktional <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{f}[\rho ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{f}[\rho ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e42009e7d5391f3ce8e8c8bec0f132b4e4cbfb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.127ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{f}[\rho ]}" loading="lazy"></span> identifiziert, das mit jeder passenden Testfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Zahl identifiziert.
</p><p>Mit <a href="Partielle_Integration" title="Partielle Integration">partieller Integration</a> und der Tatsache, dass die Testfunktion nur auf einem endlichen Bereich ungleich Null ist (<i>bounded support</i>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (\pm \infty )=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (\pm \infty )=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e429b956a3b3926e33131b6e9d6320f971e02e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.404ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (\pm \infty )=0}" loading="lazy"></span>), erhält man
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f'(x)\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x)\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f'(x)\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x)\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0373bae3b9e19e5fd990516a09f1b8fa017c938.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; margin-left: -0.447ex; width:36.424ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f'(x)\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x)\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>und damit beispielsweise auch für die <a href="Heaviside-Funktion" title="Heaviside-Funktion">Heaviside-Stufenfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta '(x)=\delta (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta '(x)=\delta (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be52f62928987f908dfa206be643b748600bb0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.2ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta '(x)=\delta (x)}" loading="lazy"></span>, sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta '(-x)=-\delta (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta '(-x)=-\delta (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3a27c1bb7164f858a44695d6d26d07ed73a8147.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.817ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta '(-x)=-\delta (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> (diese Identität wird in der Festkörperphysik oft angewandt, da die Fermi-Funktion als Funktion der Energie bei Temperatur Null gerade eine Stufenfunktion ist). Man beachte, dass wegen der nur im Integral gültigen Definition das Verhalten der Heaviside-Distribution bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/953917eaf52f2e1baad54c8c9e3d6f9bb3710cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=0}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht notwendigerweise spezifiziert werden muss.
</p><p>Bisher haben wir nur eine kurze Einführung in Distributionen gegeben. Für die Dirac-Identität betrachtet man das Funktional <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln(x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln(x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f234f49614032114d1d363b944f87fc62304480.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.755ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln(x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+})}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei hier wieder der Grenzfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\ln(x+\mathrm {i} \eta )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\ln(x+\mathrm {i} \eta )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5432c8d1d0156bf7c2b26177e2a6e061e830c808.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:14.616ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{\eta \to 0^{+}}\ln(x+\mathrm {i} \eta )}" loading="lazy"></span> gemeint ist.
</p><p>Einerseits ist die Ableitung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f'(x)={\frac {1}{x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f'(x)={\frac {1}{x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9964aac0afad2c3b538e7c9eb8828ea954a67fac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.569ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f'(x)={\frac {1}{x+\mathrm {i} 0^{+}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Mit dem Verzweigungsschnitt<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> des <a href="Logarithmus" title="Logarithmus">natürlichen Logarithmus</a> entlang der negativen reellen Achse ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73bdbce3583fa923b0dc624804ae67828f4aa84e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.285ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x<0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x&lt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a4dbbf970b2d2863dcab589eafe006f08e727d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x<0}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ccce2c0dae95c08ac21c599cd92c7480b7d46a17.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.466ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\ln |x|}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80d24be5f0eb4a9173da6038badc8659546021d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x>0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Daher folgt andererseits für die Ableitung:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}{\bigg (}\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi \theta (-x){\bigg )}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|-\mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}{\bigg (}\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi \theta (-x){\bigg )}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|-\mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01bba8360e00428adfa155e4efa608f8743e70ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:43.974ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}{\bigg (}\ln |x|+\mathrm {i} \pi \theta (-x){\bigg )}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|-\mathrm {i} \pi \delta (x)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Ableitung des Logarithmus muss wieder im Integral betrachtet werden, wobei wie oben der <i>bounded support</i> ausgenutzt wird (hier in der ersten Zeile und beim Schritt von der dritten in die vierte Zeile):
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\mathrm {d} \ln |x|}{\mathrm {d} x}}\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x&amp;=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{|x|>\varepsilon }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}{\bigg [}\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{-\infty }^{-\varepsilon }+\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{\varepsilon }^{\infty }-\int \limits _{|x|>\varepsilon }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x{\bigg ]}\\&amp;={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<munder>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\mathrm {d} \ln |x|}{\mathrm {d} x}}\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x&amp;=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{|x|&gt;\varepsilon }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}{\bigg [}\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{-\infty }^{-\varepsilon }+\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{\varepsilon }^{\infty }-\int \limits _{|x|&gt;\varepsilon }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x{\bigg ]}\\&amp;={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b50a557deba643093c5d623252d39d1babf97eec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -16.671ex; margin-left: -0.083ex; width:73.561ex; height:34.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\mathrm {d} \ln |x|}{\mathrm {d} x}}\rho (x)\mathrm {d} x&amp;=-\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}\int \limits _{|x|>\varepsilon }\ln |x|\rho '(x)\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=-\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}{\bigg [}\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{-\infty }^{-\varepsilon }+\ln |x|\rho (x){\bigg \vert }_{\varepsilon }^{\infty }-\int \limits _{|x|>\varepsilon }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x{\bigg ]}\\&amp;={\mathcal {P}}\int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {\rho (x)}{x}}\mathrm {d} x.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Dabei wurde im letzten Schritt ausgenutzt, dass die Testfunktion „gutmütig“ ist, d.&nbsp;h., dass die vorderen Terme in der dritten Zeile (Randterme der partiellen Integration) verschwinden und dass das Integral über den ganzen Zahlenbereich außer über den Bereich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ]-\varepsilon ,\varepsilon [}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ]-\varepsilon ,\varepsilon [}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e2f89311032eaaa029f62f583e6ac0bd4bb83b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.303ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ]-\varepsilon ,\varepsilon [}" loading="lazy"></span> um die <a href="Polstelle" title="Polstelle">Polstelle</a> des Integranden gerade das Hauptwertintegral ist.
</p><p>Damit gilt im Sinne der Distributionentheorie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed441ec28adff9acb37a063c2992118a004ab12f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.184ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|={\mathcal {P}}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{x}}{\bigg )}}" loading="lazy"></span> und es folgt die Dirac-Identität aus Vergleich der beiden Berechnungen der Ableitung. Der Fall mit dem anderen Vorzeichen wird analog behandelt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<p>Mit der Dirac-Identität lassen sich beispielsweise die <a href="Kramers-Kronig-Beziehungen" title="Kramers-Kronig-Beziehungen">Kramers-Kronig-Relationen</a> für <a href="Lineare_Antwortfunktion" title="Lineare Antwortfunktion">Antwortfunktionen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi (\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi (\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8eaafe487da26a1b95abc0db0fe578216cc31395.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.71ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi (\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> elegant beweisen, da diese in der oberen komplexen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>-Halbebene <a href="Analytische_Funktion" title="Analytische Funktion">analytisch</a> sind. Statt einen Halbkreis in der oberen komplexen Halbebene zu schließen und den Bereich um die Polstelle auf der reellen Achse auszuschließen (so beispielsweise zu finden im Buch von <a href="Charles_Kittel" title="Charles Kittel">Charles Kittel</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), schließt man nun einen Halbkreis in der oberen komplexen Halbebene und verschiebt den Pfad entlang der reellen Achse um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} 0^{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} 0^{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/433fc21ed3b40a5ab4f0a03bf3e7e0416b9f67b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.32ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} 0^{+}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach oben oder unten und wendet die Dirac-Identität an. Zusätzlich verwendet man bei beiden Ansätzen die Tatsache, dass ein geschlossenes Kurvenintegral in der komplexen Ebene nur durch die Polstellen im Inneren des Integrationspfades bestimmt ist (<a href="Residuensatz" title="Residuensatz">Residuensatz</a>).
</p><p>Eine weitere Anwendung ist die Berechnung von Real- und Imaginärteil der <a href="Dielektrizit%C3%A4tszahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielektrizitätszahl">Dielektrizitätsfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon ({\vec {q}},\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon ({\vec {q}},\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/152e0a77a7ee86dca7b0fa5fbc5003f3f46cd1b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.542ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon ({\vec {q}},\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> in der Theorie der Abschirmung elektrischer Ladungen nach Lindhard, da in dem Ausdruck für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }" loading="lazy"></span>, den man in dieser Theorie, die auf 1. Ordnung <a href="St%C3%B6rungstheorie_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Störungstheorie (Quantenmechanik)">Störungstheorie</a> aufgebaut ist, findet, gerade eine solche Struktur im Nenner auftaucht, wie sie die Dirac-Identität voraussetzt<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Die Auftrennung in Real- und Imaginärteil ist hier u.&nbsp;a. deswegen wichtig, da man mit dem Imaginärteil der Dielektrizitätsfunktion üblicherweise die Dämpfung der Ausbreitung von Wellen im beschriebenen Medium verbindet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Laurent Schwartz, <i>Théorie des Distributions</i></li>
<li>Gel'fand, Shilov, <i>Generalized Functions</i>, Vol. 1–5</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BranchCut.html"><i>Branch Cut</i></a> Wolfram Research, abgerufen am 19. September 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kittel, Charles, Jochen Matthias Gress, and Anne Lessard. <i>Einführung in die Festkörperphysik</i>. Vol. 14. München: Oldenbourg, 1969.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuliani, Gabriele, and Giovanni Vignale. <i>Quantum theory of the electron liquid</i>. Cambridge university press, 2005.</span>
</li>
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